Resolving the Conflicts Between Biodiversity Conservation and Socioeconomic Development in China: Fuzzy Clustering Approach

Resolving the conflicts between biodiversity conservation and socioeconomic development is a global pursuit for the long-run prospects of the human species. Based on Wenchuan County, a typical county in southwestern China, a group of 20 indicators quantifying regional biodiversity and socioeconomic development was established to classify and evaluate the county area spatially. A fuzzy c-means clustering (FCM) algorithm was used as the classification method. Three indices including BD, DL and DR characterizing the value of biodiversity, the level and rate of socioeconomic development of the delineated regions were formulated. The results indicated that Wenchuan County was optimally classified into 4 types of regions (region I to IV). The area percentages of the regions vary widely from 4.3 to 65.7%. The sequences of the regions on biodiversity, socioeconomic development level, and socioeconomic development rate were, respectively, IV > II > III > I, I > III > II > IV and III >I >II >IV. The spatial strategy on coordinating biodiversity conservation and regional development is to develop mainly from the east(I, II, III) and to conserve mainly in the west(IV). Eco-industry, such as eco-tourism and eco-agriculture, need to be emphasized in the process of regional development. The quantitative methods used here may have a wide applicability.     

Contrasting patterns in elevational diversity between microorganisms and macroorganisms

Aim Data and analyses of elevational gradients in diversity have been central to the development and evaluation of a range of general theories of biodiversity. Elevational diversity patterns have, however, been severely understudied for microbes, which often represent decomposer subsystems. Consequently, generalities in the patterns of elevational diversity across different trophic levels remain poorly understood. Our aim was to examine elevational gradients in the diversity of macroinvertebrates, diatoms and bacteria along a stony stream that covered a large elevational gradient. Location Laojun Mountain, Yunnan province, China. Methods The sampling scheme included 26 sites spaced at elevational intervals of 89 m from 1820 to 4050 m elevation along a stony stream. Macroinvertebrate and diatom richness were determined based on the morphology of the specimens. Taxonomic richness for bacteria was quantified using a molecular fingerprinting method. Over 50 environmental variables were measured at each site to quantify environmental variables that could correlate with the patterns of diversity. We used eigenvector‐based spatial filters with multiple regressions to account for spatial autocorrelation. Results The bacterial richness followed an unexpected monotonic increase with elevation. Diatoms decreased monotonically, and macroinvertebrate richness showed a clear unimodal pattern with elevation. The unimodal richness pattern for macroinvertebrates was best explained by the mid‐domain effect (r² = 0.72). The diatom richness was best explained by the variation in nutrient supply, and the increase in bacterial richness with elevation may be related to an increased carbon supply. Main conclusions We found contrasting patterns in elevational diversity among the three studied multi‐trophic groups comprising unicellular and multicellular aquatic taxa. We also found that there may be fundamental differences in the mechanisms underlying these species diversity patterns.     

Taxonomic significance of short forms of middle Permian Pseudoalbaillella Holdsworth and Jones, 1980 (Follicucullidae,Radiolaria)

Middle Permian Pseudoalbaillella from the Xiaodong area in South China were studied using fossil morphology. Short forms of Pseudoalbaillella fusiformis (Holdsworth and Jones), Pseudoalbaillella internata Wang, and Pseudoalbaillella monacantha (Ishiga and Imoto), characterized by a short and skirt-like pseudoabdomen, were confirmed. We conclude that the short forms were derived from their respective species by breaking off during disruptive processes. If this is true, there may be structurally weakened parts in the pseudoabdomen.     

华北地区针叶林下凋落物层化学性质的研究

森林凋落物中贮积了大量的有机、无机养分物质,它是森林土壤自然肥力的重要来源之一。在森林生态系统中,养分物质的内部循环主要是通过凋落物来实现的。在分解、转化过     

Numerical Simulations and Long-Column Tests of LNAPL Displacement and Trapping by a Fluctuating Water Table

Long-column laboratory tests were performed to validate improvements to the MOFAT program for simulating LNAPL displacement and entrapment in response to a fluctuating water table. The long-column tests consisted of a fluctuating water table and its subsequent displacement and entrapment of an LNAPL. The modifications of MOFAT include a linear LNAPL trapping estimate and a new scaling technique for the inhibition portion of the fluctuation (water table rise). Improved prediction of the LNAPL trapping was obtained by assuming the amount of LNAPL that is trapped by a rising water table is proportional to the antecedent water content of the porous medium. The pressure-saturation relationship for the air-water drainage system was scaled to estimate the LNAPL-water and air-LNAPL drainage relationships. Scaled inhibition pressure-saturation relationships are improved by incorporating a correction for contact angle hysteresis and surface roughness. The incorporation of these changes into MOFAT led to noticable improvements in the numerical simulation of the experimental data.     

Three new species of the leafhopper genus Tambocerus Zhang & Webb (Hemiptera,Cicadellidae) from southern China

Three new species, Tambocerus dentatus, T. longicaudatus and T. robustispinus spp. n. from southern China, are described and illustrated. A checklist and distribution to the Tambocerus species from China is provided together with a key for their separation.     

Transforming Milk in a Global Economy

Large-scale milk production and consumption historically have been localized to Europe and countries with large European-derived populations. However, global patterns have now shifted, with dramatic increases in milk consumption in Asian countries and flat or declining consumption in European and European-derived countries. Efforts to market it around the world emphasize milk's positive effects on child growth, and, by extension, the individual and national benefits that derive from that growth. At the same time, milk has newly emerged in milk promotions in the United States as food that facilitates weight loss. Milk has been able to achieve a global presence and continuing relevance in populations in which its consumption has been declining by continually transforming and repositioning itself as a "special" food with properties able to alleviate the health concerns seen as most salient at the time.     

澜沧江的沙鳅属鱼类(英文)

通过最近的整理,澜沧江共有沙鳅属鱼类3种,它们是斑鳍沙鳅Botia beaufortiSmith、中华沙鳅B.superciliaris Gnther、黑线沙鳅(新种)B.nigrolineata.黑线沙鳅为新种,鉴别特征是沿背中和体侧有显著的黑色纵条,起自头后止于尾鳍基。首次提出云南沙鳅Botia yunnanensis Chen可能是斑鳍沙鳅的次异名,中华沙鳅是在澜沧江的首次纪录。在附录中记录了突吻沙鳅B.rostrata Gnther,是国内首次纪录,也是萨尔温江和伊洛瓦底江水系的首次纪录。文中每个种均有插图,对新种作了详细的描述,对老种的有关名称作了(林厂里)订或讨论。     

戴氏狼鳍鱼(Lycoptera davidi)的重新观察

本文主要对戴氏狼鳍鱼 (Lycoptera davidi) 骨骼系统的特征进行了补充和订正.在此基础上,对狼鳍鱼属 (Lycoptera) 的特征及有关狼鳍鱼种的分类问题作了初步探讨.     

红树林植物海滨猫尾木在我国首次发现

红树林是发育于热带海岸潮间带的一种特殊的木本植物群落。据最近的报道补,我国南部沿海红树林的组成种类(包括半红树林成分)有卤蔽科、千屈菜科、海桑科、玉蕊科、使君子科、红树科、梧桐科、锦葵科、大戟科、糠科、紫金牛科、夹竹桃科、茜草科、爵床科·、马鞭草科、棕搁科等,共16科,20属,31种。最近我们通过海岸带植物调查和海南岛珍稀、濒危植物种类调查,首次发现了紫威科的海滨猫尾木的分布。现将其形态特征、分布和生态学特性简报于下: 海澳猫尾木(新拟)图 Dolichandrone spathaeae(L.f.)K.Sehum.,FI.Kais.Wilh.123.1889;Merr.F 1…